Prehistoric Life During the Eocene Epoch

The Eocene epoch commenced 10 million years after the extinction of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago, and continued for another 22 million years, up to 34 million years ago. As with the preceding Paleocene epoch, the Eocene was characterized by the continuing adaptation and spread of prehistoric mammals, which filled the ecological niches left open by the dinosaurs demise. The Eocene constitutes the middle part of the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), preceded by the Paleocene, and succeeded by the Oligocene epoch (34-23 million years ago); all of these periods and epochs were part of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present). Climate and Geography In terms of climate, the Eocene epoch picked up where the Paleocene left off, with a continuing rise in global temperatures to near-Mesozoic levels. However, the latter part of the Eocene saw a pronounced global cooling trend, probably related to decreasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which culminated in the re-formation of ice caps at both the north and south poles. The earths continents continued to drift toward their present positions, having broken apart from the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana, though Australia and Antarctica were still connected. The Eocene epoch also witnessed the rise of North Americas western mountain ranges. Terrestrial Life During the Eocene Epoch Perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and tapirs) and artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates, such as deer and pigs) can all trace their ancestry back to the primitive mammalian genera of the Eocene epoch. Phenacodus, a small, generic-looking ancestor of hoofed mammals, lived during the early Eocene, while the late Eocene witnessed much bigger thunder beasts like Brontotherium and Embolotherium. Carnivorous predators evolved in synch with these plant-munching mammals: the early Eocene Mesonyx only weighed as much as a large dog, while the late Eocene Andrewsarchus was the largest terrestrial meat-eating mammal that ever lived. The first recognizable bats (such as Palaeochiropteryx), elephants (such as Phiomia), and primates (such as Eosimias) also evolved during the course of the Eocene epoch. As is the case with mammals, many modern orders of birds can trace their roots to ancestors that lived during the  Eocene epoch (even though birds as a whole evolved, perhaps more than once, during the Mesozoic Era). The most notable birds of the Eocene were giant penguins, as typified by the 100-pound Inkayacu of South America and the 200-pound Anthropornis of Australia. Another important Eocene bird was Presbyornis, a toddler-sized prehistoric duck. Crocodiles (such as the weirdly hooved Pristichampsus), turtles (such as the big-eyed Puppigerus), and snakes (such as the 33-foot long Gigantophis) all continued to flourish during the Eocene epoch, many of them attaining substantial sizes as they filled the niches left open by their dinosaur relatives (though most did not attain the giant sizes of their immediate Paleocene ancestors). Much tinier lizards, like the three-inch-long Cryptolacerta, were also a common sight (and food source for larger animals). Marine Life During the Eocene Epoch The Eocene epoch was when the first prehistoric whales left dry land and opted for a life in the sea, a trend that culminated in the middle Eocene Basilosaurus, which attained lengths of up to 60 feet and weighed in the neighborhood of 50 to 75 tons. Sharks continued to evolve as well, but few fossils are known from this epoch. In fact, the most common marine fossils of the Eocene epoch are of tiny fish, like Knightia and Enchodus, that plied the lakes and rivers of North America in vast schools. Plant Life During the Eocene Epoch The heat and humidity of the early Eocene epoch made it a heavenly time for dense jungles and rainforests, which stretched almost all the way to the North and South Poles (the coast of Antarctica was lined with tropical rainforests about 50 million years ago!) Later in the Eocene, global cooling produced a dramatic change: the jungles of the northern hemisphere gradually disappeared, to be replaced by deciduous forests that could better cope with seasonal temperature swings. One important development had only just begun: the earliest grasses evolved during the late Eocene epoch but didnt spread worldwide (providing sustenance for plains-roaming horses and ruminants) until millions of years later.

“Harrah’s Entertainment Inc.” by Rajiv Lal - 1393 Words

1. What are Harrah’s brand’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats? Strengths General - Strong and consistent revenue growth over the past years and reliable stock market performance allowing for Harrah’s to gain a leading market position. - Harrah’s national presence with a network of 26 casino locations in all â€Å"traditional† and most of the new U.S. casino markets across 13 states, including land-based, dockside, riverboat, and Indian casino facilities. - First-mover advantage: William Fisk Harrah was the first to industrialize gambling with the casino operation in Reno, NV dating back as far as 1937. Additionally, Harrah’s was among the first companies to set up facilities whenever the legal and regulatory†¦show more content†¦- Growth through acquisition or joint venture with existing casino operators inside or outside the U.S. market. - Automate operational initiatives in order to be able to utilize customer information in real-time while the customer is at the facility, e.g. instant offers displayed for the customer at the slot machine while one is playing. - Utilize Total Rewards program as platform to allow for a â€Å"cashless† infrastructure which enhances convenience as part of the service experience. - Expansion of casino operations across other global markets such as Asia Pacific or Western Europe. Threats - Unfavorable reputation of gambling among sections of the U.S. population hindering social acceptance of gambling as entertainment. - Intense competition given the restricted number of markets where gambling is a legalized entertainment option. - A maturing U.S. gambling market is likely to induce a decline in overall growth rates in the future years. - Increase of competition due to growth of already existing non-gambling entertainment options and / or emergence of new non-gambling entertainment options. - Changes in the legal and regulatory environment of gambling may further limit market opportunities for casino operations. - Intensification of competition as a result of competitors building newer and flashier properties. - Development of customer relationship

Analysing the application of commercial law towards Ship Operations Free Essays

string(299) " end up the owners with a denied benefits of Assured indemnities and the heavy financial loss from both Hull and Machinery\(3/4th RDC, Salvage and General Average\) and, PNI \(together with 1/4th collision liabilities\) as well as all the insurable interests and will have to bear all these losses\." Introduction This assignment refers to a case sceanario in terms of Analysing the application of commercial law towards ship operations and the role of Master in its application wherein as a Master of a General cargo ship of 30,000T on a voyage charter sailing from U.K port after loading high grade steel pipes bound for Korea. Master was forced to sign a Clean Bill of Lading instead of claused entry, inspite of identified some steel rusty on visual inspection (that too in hasty n hurried situation) for which no shipper surveyor was appointed to have recorded witness (perhaps deliberately), rather a Letter of Indemnity was issued by the shipper/seller. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysing the application of commercial law towards Ship Operations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Own vessel sailed with an inoperational Radar with the owners knowledge but not to the Classification society and the Insurer. In the ocean passage own vessel colledes with another Container ship which also infact had been in a situation of short of 2nd Mate who was airlifted a day before for medical emergency due to unexpected injury onboard. Both vessel had suffered damage with own vessel in severe damage whereas the Container ship minor hull damage but had to jettison some of the container to save the ship apart from some were lost due to incident. Own vessel was towed to ports of refuge for emergency repair with own ship under Lloyds Open Form and the Other ship under daily hire agreement. Since own ships sails from the UK portThe Hague Rules amended by Protocol in Brussels in 1968 called Hague-Visby Rules enacted by U.K in the form of Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, (COGSA 71 Act) amended n brought in force in 1977 shall apply. The act applies to : Any contract for the carriage of goods by sea in ships from a U.K port requiring issue of a bill of lading or similar document of title If contract in or evidenced by it expressly provides that the amended Hague Rules shall govern the contract. The Article III mentions under the contract of carriage of goods by sea, that the carrier is subject to responsibilities and liabilities and entitled to the rights and immunities contained In analysing the case considering the Contractual obligations and mitigate any losses might be incurred by the ship owner, the following are the points to consider for any Master to safeguard his owner’s are: 1) Article III bounds the carrier to exercise â€Å"due digilence† to make the ship seaworthy before and at the beginning of the voyage, properly man, equip and supply the ship, make cargo spaces fit and safe to receive and carriage and preservation until delivery. 2)After receiving the goods the master or his agent is to issue the shipper with a bill of lading. A B/L must give an accurate description of the goods and must be endorsed to show the true condition. The bill of lading is a prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods mentioned on it. A letter of Indemnity is not legally binding and cannot be sued upon. A Master should not sign any bill if it is misleading as to quantity of condition. Without specific instructions from owner, the Master should refuse the letter of Indemnity, make out his own bills duly signed and present to the shipper. If shipper objects or refuses to accept then the Master should lodge the bill with British Consul and note protest accordingly. 3)Article IV also directs that Neither the carrier nor the ship is liable for the loss or damage resulting from unseawothiness, unless caused by want of due diligence. The burden of proof as defence towards exercised due diligence shall remains with the carrier. Also neither the carrier nor the ship is responsible for any loss or damage caused due to the Act, neglect of default of the master, pilot or carrier’s servants in the navigation of the ship. Considering the the both articles of COGSA / Hague visby Rules Act here Master has not prevented the Owners efficiently from the losses which normally exempts from any liabilities arising later due to the reasons beyond his control. 4)Here the Master has neither exercised due diligence in making ship seaworthy prior departure from load port which, he could have reduced by informing the Classification society / Administration and the Insurers, leading to obtaining the permission for such voyage with additional measures required to overcome such deficiency authorised and thereby, keeping the Insurance contract Intact based upon â€Å"Utmost Good Faith† complying with Implied warranty terms and, would have better prevented him or his owner in mitigating the financial losses arising due to situations beyond his control, nor by signing clean B/L he prevented the Carrier’s liability arising later from cargo claims and thereby increasing the financial burden of the cargo loss if any. â€Å"A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses and losses incident to marine adventures. It is understood that each will act honestly with the other and assured must disclose every material circumstance known to him. If the assured fails to make disclosures, the insurer may void the contract†(college handout notes). Therefore the owner here might be denied for even Hull Machinery, cargo losses and the General/Particular averages arising due to the Salvage of the vessel, by the Insurers for even 1/4th collision damage n third party liabilities due to Master not complying with want of due diligence and in Utmost Good Faith and, the Insurer can choose to waive this breach. However, the burden of proving a breach of the implied warranty of seaworthiness lies on the insurer who alleges it. Therefore by not exercising his contractual obligatory duties according to the COGSA/Hague visby Rules Act and the Marine Insurance Act and the PNI warranties and thereby is in breach of both contractual obligations which might end up the owners with a denied benefits of Assured indemnities and the heavy financial loss from both Hull and Machinery(3/4th RDC, Salvage and General Average) and, PNI (together with 1/4th collision liabilities) as well as all the insurable interests and will have to bear all these losses. You read "Analysing the application of commercial law towards Ship Operations" in category "Essay examples" However, since it was found that the other vessel also, was in a situation of unseaworthy at the time of collision, it can be argued and sued for the liabilities and claims becoming due on her part under Both to Blame Collision cross liabilities clause under â€Å"Marine Insurance Act† as a â€Å"peril of the sea† is an excepted peril, allowing the carrier to avoid cargo loss or HM damage claims arising out of a collision with another ship and which will benefit the Owner in mitigating some losses. General Average: As set out in â€Å"York-Antwerp Rules 2004 A† that any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure. (college handout notes). Where the common maritime adventure / benefits identifies usually three interests – ship, cargo freight. Since it is proven that own vessel did not depart in seaworthy condition it will be difficult to produce defence against compliance of want of due diligence under Hague Visby Rules / COGSA Act and therefore resulting in owner bearing all expenses under General Average as well as towards cargo claims and salvage expenses. With regard to the other vessels if she proves that she exercised due diligence then the cargo damage because of collision will be covered under the particular average and not the gen Avg under equal loss betwn the cargo of the chtrs and the jettisoned containers will be covered or will come under the Gen Avg because the action which was taken to prevent the ingress was intentional. Salvage: The services provided to any maritime property in dangerous or hazardous situations in such a way that it results in saving it fully or partially or even saving the marine environment and thus promoting the culture or entitling the such service provider with sufficient reward in size, to the total property saved and thus not exceeding the saved value. The operation will require to be successful to provide the value from which the reward shall be obtained. The law of salvage to be considered in three particular prospects: a) Common Law: requires voluntary services where the person has no prior interest in the property endangered or under any pre-existing contractual agreement falling within the definition of maritime property. The size of reward depend upon various factors with particular regard to the level of danger ship is in, the skill and expertise of the salvors utilised with degree of risk were exposed to them and, it shall be payable the parties benefited from such services. b) Statutory Law : The International convention on salvage 1989 enacted by UK by S224 of Merchant Shipping Act 1995 as statute law and will therefore override the common law. c)Contract Law: The Master of the salvaged vessel will have the right to conclude the salvage contracts on behalf of the owner of saved vessel. As per Article 7 of the convention any contract or contract terms may be considered invalid if the contract was agreed under undue influence of danger and its terms are inequitable or payment agreed is in an excessive degree or too large for the services actually rendered. There are mainly two types of salvage agreements: i)Services offered on the basis of ordinary tariff or fixed lump sum or daily rate ii) Services offered on the basis of remunerations to be settled later, whether by agreement or by court judgement or by arbitration under Lloyds Open Form. Depending on the particular case of severity of the dangerous situations and availability of the time the each one has its own advantages and disadvantages for the Master ship which requires assistance. The Salvage arranged under ordinary tariff is obviously shall be cheaper and should be obtained if time permits. However if the time available is crucial in saving the ship or property in imminent danger or imminent danger to the marine environment the the 2nd option of â€Å"Services on the basis of remunerations to be settled later† shall be opted for normally called as salvage agreement under LOF (Lloyds Open Form). The LOF also includes the SCOPIC clause (introduced in LOF 95) as an optional term. The advantages of using LOF 200 salvage agreement are summarised as : The agreement can be transmitted via radio or other electronic means, although an independent witness to the event should be sought and, there is no need to sign the agreement until the salvage services have been completed. The agreement is not likely to be disputed. It is basically â€Å"no cure, no-pay† principle agreement. Any claim applies under English Law. The salvor has maritime lien on the property saved, even after sale of the property to another party. The property saved can be quickly released to the owner on security payment. The salvor will get an interim reward. Any disputes will be referred to an arbitration. Underwriter’s liability can not be increased beyond that for total loss The excessive claims by salvors are avoided. (college handout notes). Analysing the situation for the said case of assignment the own vessel was towed under Lloyds Open Form due to the vessel suffering severe collision damage in the forward it was the best decision to opt for towage under LOF since it was the necessity of the situation to not loose much time in bargaining for contract towage under daily hire agreement because there was a danger of sinking of the vessel quickly as server forward damage and could had resulted in the total loss otherwise of the property. However in case of the other vessel, since she suffered a minor hull damage forward, there was no serious danger to the vessel immediately and had time to bargain and organise for the daily hire agreement resulting in a cheaper option safely. So it was a wise decision to opt for the daily hire agreement for the other vessel. The Master will need to follow the customary procedure when proceeding for of Port of Refuge, arrival and reporting procedure of port of calls and, by following the inward clearance requirement and procedure for unscheduled arrival to POR by appointing / informing the agent thru owner including intimating the destination agent and the charterers, following the procedures and completing the documentation formalities on arrival in regard to Pilotage/Port arrivals, Port Health, Customs and Immigration etc., Lodging the Note of Protest in front of Notary via agent with records and evidences, informing HM and PNI, Classification society for various surveys towards repairs / dry docking formalities etc. In no way the master should allow the cargo to start till either bonds or guarantees are used to secure payment from contributors, all the formalities have taken place and, all the settlements are finalised between the shipper, owner and the charterer (An Adjuster will calculate payments based on benefit) . Also Before departure Master is to obtain the interim certificate of Class / issuance of certificate of seaworthiness. The action of the master in compliance with appropriate codes and regulations will assist in reducing the carriers liability and mitigating losses against extra ordinary perils of the sea or the situations beyond his control. References: i) College Hand outs ii) The shipmasters business companion – Malcolm Maclachlan – 2004 iii) Business and law for the shipmasters – F.N. Hopkins – 7th edition 1989 How to cite Analysing the application of commercial law towards Ship Operations, Essay examples

Comparison Of Regular Ice Cream And Yogurt Ice Cream †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Comparison Of Regular Ice Cream And Yogurt Ice Cream. Answer: Introduction Different food items are classified in same categories but usually have different ingredients that are used in their processing. This makes their chemical composition different and therefore lead to different nutritional value. This is the same case, which can be found on regular ice cream and the yoghurt ice cream. These foods are categorized in the same class but usually have different nutritional values due to the difference in the ingredients used. The regular ice cream and yoghurt ice cream are frozen treats that are made from dairy products but usually have cleat difference. The regular ice cream typically has not less than 10 per cent of ice cream as part of its ingredients. Nevertheless, this composition is not found on the yoghurt ice cream. Additionally, not of the products have fat content, which can s able to vary, and therefore contributing to some of the differences. In definition, regular ice cream is a dessert, which is made from milk or cream with addition of some fl avors during processing. In flavoring, artificial flavors or even fresh fruits are commonly added. History Lastly, in the serving, the regular ice cream is served in cups and then some topping which may include chocolate syrup, nuts, wafers, caramel or even fresh fruits. The history of the regular ice cream can be traced all the way to Baghdad, where it was a dessert for a long time. Nevertheless, it is the Chinese who came up with a way of making the ice cream with milk. The dessert then spread to china, Europe and then United State. Yogurt on the other hand was introduced in the 1970s since it was considered healthier than the regular ice cream (Nanni, and Spinsanti, 2010). On the other hand, yogurt ice cream is another dessert, which is usually manufactured from yogurt rather than cream like regular ice cream. In the preparation, the ice cream is done in cooling vats and then the ingredients are churned while they are being cooled. This helps to prevent any formation of the ice crystals and therefore making the ice cream more creamier. On the other hand, the yogurt ice cream is manufac tured in an ice cream machine (Petti, Tarsitani D'Arca, 2001). The use of the machine helps to in cooperate the air into all the ingredients after they are mixed. The ingredients are then cooled rapidly in order to prevent any formation of crystals. The manufacturing processes are able to bring out the bigger difference between the two desserts. Ingredients In terms of the ingredients, regular ice cream yogurt ice cream milk fat ranging between 10 and 16 per cent milk solids milk solids milk fats which are less than 10 per cent Sweeteners Gelatin Flavorings corn syrup Stabilizers Flavors Ingredients functions In the manufacturing of the regular ice cream, the main ingredients are the milk, sugar, fats and flavors. Other flavors can therefore be added as noted earlier to make the different flavors. The milk is one of the key ingredient in the regular ice cream (Orlov, 2015). This helps to provide the amount of the proteins in the ice cream. In addition, the milk part is responsible for the provision of the low fat content and also increase the creaminess of the product. Moreover, the air bubbles helps to add the creaminess in the regular ice cream. The other key ingredient in the regular ice cream is the sugar. The sugar is able to produce the sweetness in the ice cream. Nevertheless, this is not the main purpose of the sugar. The sugar helps to control the amount of ice formed during the freezing of the regular ice cream (Nanni, and Spinsanti, 2010). The process ensures that the regular ice cream is soft as required in order to allow the scooping during eating. Moreover, the sugar helps to provide the required thickness of the regular ice cream and therefore making it stable to heat shock. The sugar is able to provide about 50 percent of the energy in the regular ice cream. Another key ingredient is the fat, which is able to provide the structure of the regular ice cream as well as delivering the flavor, boosting the creaminess and also stabilizing the tiny air bubbles. Additionally, other stabilisers and emulsifiers are also added as part of the i ngredients. The stabilisers are added in order to control the texture of the regular ice cream and also prevent the meltdown. On the other hand, the emulsifiers are added to improve the structural part of the regular ice cream and making it more thicker and resistant into melting. Lastly, ice and air are used as part of their ingredients and these help to control the structure of the ice cream, therefore affecting the quality and stability. On the other hand, the yogurt ice cream is made with key ingredients such as the milk solids, sweetener, milk fats and yogurt culture (Orlov, 2015). The milk solids in the yogurt ice cream are used to provide the body and the texture of the final product. In the manufacturing of the yogurt ice cream, the yogurt cultures are some of the added ingredients. The main cultures include Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophillus. The main key performance for the cultures and especially the bacteria cultures is to preferment lactose (milk), in order to produce lactic acid (Petti, Tarsitani D'Arca, 2001). This is able to lead to the reduction of the PH and therefore lead to the clotting of the milk. In addition, the milk solids are able to provide the required lactose which provides the required sweetness of the yogurt and the proteins in its nutritional values. Also, the milk solids are able to increase the resistance in melting for the yogurt ice cream. The milk solids as well provide the texture and the body of the yogurt ice cream (Nanni, and Spinsanti, 2010). Other ingredients in the product include the animal gelatin together with vegetable additives such as the guar gum or carrageenan. These are able to contribute to the stabilization of the yogurt, reduction of its crystallization and increasing the temperature at which it will be able to melt. The stabilization process is able to ensure that the consistency of the smoothness in the yogurt is maintained regardless of the temperature change and handling nature. Differences between yogurt and regular ice cream One of the major difference which is found on these products is in terms of their nutritional values. In terms of the nutritional values resulting from the ingredients, the regular ice cream has 207 calories, 3.5 grams of proteins, 11 grams of fats and 21.2 grams of sugar. On the other hand, the yogurt ice cream has 159 calories, 4 grams of proteins, 5.6 grams of fats and 24 grams of sugar (Petti, Tarsitani D'Arca, 2001). This results from the use of the different ingredients in the processing of the products. The sugar content can be viewed to be a major difference in the products although some of the people view that the regular ice cream has more sugar than the yogurt ice cream which is not the truth. Another key difference is found in the production process between the products (Orlov, 2015). The yogurt ice cream involves the freezing process which may lead to the killing of some key bacteria in the process. The difference is able to result to the change in the melting points of the two products and therefore lead to physical appearance. The time stand before they melt is therefore a key factor which is change by the processing process of these products, which is done for the marketing process. In addition, the fat content is another key difference which is found in these products. The regular ice cream has a fat content which is between 10 and 18 per cent while the yogurt ice cream has the content less than 8 per cent (Petti, Tarsitani D'Arca, 2001). This helps to provide the marketability of the different products to different people. For instance, the yogurt ice cream will use the value of their product to convince people to be focusing of weight loss to use their product. In addition, another difference is the major product which is involved in the manufacturing of these products. The regular ice cream uses mostly the cream dairy products while the yogurt ice cream uses the milk, which is fat free. In addition, it has to be noted that the yogurt ice cream also has the corn syrup in its processing as part of the ingredients. Scientific justification The nutritional claims, which are labelled on the products, are justified. The control of their texture is well justified in the use of the contents of the ingredients since their physical appearance and solid texture is seen. Nevertheless, it has to be noted that these products fails to label the cons parts of their products. For instance in the yogurt ice cream, it is not labeled that the corn syrup which is used is not good for the diabetic people. Conclusion It is clear that although the regular ice cream and yogurt ice cream share a lot of the ingredients, the few which are not common contribute to a lot of the differences in the products. These ingredients are able to lead to the differences in the chemical composition, texture and the appearance of the final product. The focus on the nutritional value for each of the products can be realized as the main area which is able to lead to the differences. References Petti, S., Tarsitani, G., D'Arca, A. S. (January 01, 2001). A randomized clinical trial of the effect of yoghurt on the human salivary microflora. Archives of Oral Biology, 46, 8, 705-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389862 Nanni, M., and Spinsanti. L. (2010). "Forecast Analysis for Sales in Large-Scale Retail Trade." Print. www.igi-global.com/ViewTitle.aspx?TitleId=44291 https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/nutrition-frozen-yogurt-vs-ice-cream-1525.html Orlov, A. (August 10, 2015). The real scoop: Frozen yogurt only sounds healthier than ice cream for Life by DailyBurn. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/27/health/frozen-yogurt-versus-ice-cream/